Contents
Contributors
Preface

1. Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier for Ultra-short Pulses

1.1. Introduction
1.2. FOPA Theory
1.2.1. General Theory
1.2.2. FOPA Pumped by a CW, a Structured Quasi-CW or a Chirped Pulse
1.2.3. Some Other Contributions
1.3. FOPA for Ultra-short Pulses
1.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

2. Polarization Transformation Using Thin Optical Elements

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Calculations Roadmap: Debye Approximation and Matrix Formulation
2.3. 3D Transformations of Light Fields Implemented by Different Types of Diffractive Axicons
2.3.1. Theoretical Analysis for Tight Focusing
2.3.2. Theoretical Analysis for the Paraxial Regime
2.3.3. Simulation Results
2.3.4. Experimental Results
2.4. Polarization Transformations Arising from Focusing of Shifted Vortex Beams of Arbitrary Order with Different Polarization
2.4.1. Theoretical Analysis
2.4.2. Simulation Results
2.5. Polarization Conversion of Radially and Azimuthally Polarized Vortex Beams
2.5.1.Theoretical Analysis
2.5.2. Simulation Results
2.5.3.Experimental Results
2.6. Formation and Transformation of Higher-order Cylindrical Vector Beams Using Binary Multi-sector Phase Plates
2.6.1. High-order CVBS Focusing
2.6.2. Theoretical Analysis
2.6.3. Simulation Results
2.6.4. Experimental Results
Acknowledgements
References
 

3. Dispersion as a Noise Source in Direct  and Coherent Detection Optical Channels

3.1. Introduction
3.2. General Theory
3.3. Rectangular Pulses
3.4. Sinc-shaped Nyquist Pulses: Spectrally Bounded Signals
3.5. Dispersion Noises in Coherent Channel Based on Nyquist Pulses
3.6. Conclusions
References
Appendix A. Approximations of the Complex ERF and the SRECT Functions
Appendix B. Derivation of Eq. (3.20)
Appendix C. Derivation of Eq. (3.47)

4. AOLS Technique Survey and an All Fiber Realization

4.1. Introduction
4.2. Label Swapping Technique Survey
4.2.1. Bit Serial Label Swapping
4.2.2. Parallel InBand/Out of Band Label Swapping
4.2.2.1. InBand (Subcarrier Modulation) Labeling
4.2.2.2. Out of Band Labeling (Single Wavelength or Band of Wavelengths)
4.2.3. Orthogonal Modulated Label Swapping
4.2.4. Optical Code Label Swapping
4.2.5. Hybrid 2-D and 3-D Label Swapping Techniques
4.2.6. SAC Labeling
4.3. System Description
4.4. DSF Module Theory and Investigation
4.4.1. FWM Fiber Module
4.4.2. XPM Fiber Module
4.5. Numerical Results and Discussion
4.6. Conclusions
References

5. The Fourier Transform Relation between Dirac Bras  and Wave Optics

5.1. Introduction
5.2. Physics for Wave Optics
5.2.1. Law of Diffractions of Plane Waves by an Object in Classical Optics
5.2.1.1. Diffraction by a Material Point
5.2.1.2. Diffraction by Two Material Points
5.2.1.3. Diffraction by a 3D Object
5.2.2. Quantum Mechanical Approach for Wave Optics
5.2.3. Diffraction by an Aperture
5.3. Mathematics for Wave Optics
5.3.1. Useful Elementary Functions
5.3.1.1. The Unity Function and Object Function of Entire Space
5.3.1.2. The Heaviside Function and Object Function of Subspaces Delimited by Planes
5.3.1.3. The Rectangular or Step Function and Object Function of Tubes, Box
5.3.1.4. The Dirac Delta Function and Object Functions of Planes
5.3.2. The Fourier Transform of d(r)  and  H(x)
5.3.3. Useful Properties of the Fourier Transform
5.3.3.1. The Fourier Transform of a Fourier Transform and Holography
5.3.3.2. The Fourier Transform of Object Functions in a Change of Arguments
5.3.3.3. Fourier Transform of a Convolution Product
5.4. Applications to Fraunhofer Diffractions
5.4.1. Diffraction by Two Points and Young’s Experience
5.4.2. Diffraction by Identical Objects, Bragg’s Law
5.4.3. Diffraction by the Semi-space 
5.4.3.1. Descartes’ and Snell’s Laws
5.4.3.2. The Fresnel Equations and Polarization of Light
5.4.4. Diffractions by Objects Delimited by Planes
5.4.4.1. Diffractions by Trihedra and Tetrahedra
5.4.4.2. Diffractions by Two Adjacent Tetrahedra
5.4.4.3. Diffractions by Oblique Pyramids with Polygonal Bases
5.4.4.4. Diffractions by a Sphere
5.4.4.5. Deflection of Light by the Form of the Sun
5.5. Remarks and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References

6. Wavefront Coding Technique for Imaging Systems

6.1. Introduction
6.2. Theory of Wavefront Coding Technique
6.3. Development of Wavefront Coding Technique
6.3.1. Development of Phase Mask Profiles
6.3.2. Optimization Phase Mask
6.3.3. The Digital Processing
6.4. Applications
6.5. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

7. Laser Modification of Multilayer Thin Films

7.1. Introduction
7.2. Laser-material Interaction
7.3. Laser-induced Changes in Composition
7.3.1. Laser-induced Surface Oxidation
7.3.2. Laser-induced Surface Alloying
7.4. Laser Surface Texturing
7.4.1. Laser-induced Periodic Surface Structure
7.4.2. Laser-induced Crater Formation
7.4.3. Laser-assisted Formation of Mosaic Structure
7.5. Applications and Perspective
References
 

8. Low Level Laser Therapy

8.1. History
8.2. Laser
8.3. Low Power Properties
8.4. Indications and Contraindications
8.5. Physiological Effects of Laser
8.6. Therapeutic Effects of Laser
8.7. Effects of Low Power Laser
8.8. Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
8.9. Effects of Low Level Laser Therapy on Healing and Fibroblasts
8.10. Laser in the Biological Medium and Applicability
8.11. Laser and Bone Tissue
8.12. Conclusions
References

9. Fiber-end Integrated Micro- and Nano-Structures for Sensor Applications

9.1. Introduction
9.2. Fiber-end Integration of Photonic Structures Using Interference Lithography for Multi-parametric Sensors
9.3. Electron-beam Lithography and Reactive Ion-beam Etching of Metallic Nanostructures onto Fiber End Facets as Refractive-index Sensors
9.4. Direct Laser Writing of Plasmonic Nanostructures onto Fiber Tips
9.5. Transfer of Metallic Photonic Structures onto Fiber-end Facets through Soft “Welding”
9.6. Flexible Transfer of Metallic Photonic Structures
References

10. Multi-wavelength Interferometric Distance Sensors

10.1. Introduction
10.2. Basic Theory
10.2.1. Single Wavelength and Multi-Wavelength Interferometry
10.2.2. Phase Modulation Process
10.2.3. Evaluation of Interferometric Phase
10.3. System Design
10.3.1. Working Principle of Fizeau Interferometer
10.3.2. Experimental Setup of Multi-wavelength Interferometer
10.3.3. Mechanical Phase Modulation Sensor
10.4. Applications
10.5. Electro Optic Phase Shifting Distance Sensors
10.5.1. The Need of Electro Optic Phase Modulation
10.5.2. Requirements
10.5.3. Comparison between Mechanical and Electro Optic Phase Modulating Sensors
10.5.4. Measurement Stability Study Using Electro Optic Distance Sensor
10.5.4.1. Influence of Modulating Frequency
10.5.4.2. Studying the Stability of the Source Wavelengths
10.5.4.3. Synchronicity in Distance Measurement by the Source Wavelengths
10.5.4.4. Effects of Environmental Temperature Variation
10.6. Conclusion and Future Prospect
Acknowledgements
References

11. Microchannel Silicon: A New Insight  into Mesoscopic Crystal Structure, Optical and Photonic Phenomena

11.1. Introduction
11.2. Crystal Structure
11.2.1. Why Mesoscopics ?
11.2.2. Non-traditional Crystal Structure of Silicon
11.3. Fabricarion of Microchannel Silicon
11.3.1. Formation of Inverted Pyramids
11.3.2. Photoelectrochemical Micromachining
11.3.3. The Full Cycle of Si-MCP Wafer Fabrication
11.4. Methods and Optical Properties
11.4.1. Microscopy and Analysis
11.4.2. Optical Transparency
11.4.3. Optical Shape Anisotropy
11.4.4. Optical Angular Anisotropy
11.5. Direct and Reverse Brewster Angular Effect
11.5.1. Reverse Brewster Effect in Photosensitive Crystals
11.5.2. Angular Dependencies of the Polarization Quantities Pi and Qp
11.5.3. Refraction Index and Spectral Dependencies
11.5.4. Generalized Malus’s Law
11.5.5. Application of Reverse Brewster Effect
11.5.6. Photodiodes
11.5.7. Comparison of Brewster Angles
11.6. Diffraction and Conoscopy
11.6.1. Fraunhofer Diffraction
11.6.2. Conoscopy
11.6.3. Surface and Weight
11.7. Photonic Properties
11.7.1. Photoelectron Generation
11.8. 3D Model Simulation
11.9. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References

12. Pattern Recognition with Log-polar Joint Transform Correlation

12.1. Introduction
12.2. Log-polar Transformation
12.3. Optical Pattern Recognition Technique
12.4. Simulation Results
12.5. Conclusions
References

Index