About the Author

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Modern Sensor Markets and Trends

1.2 Technology Challenges

1.3 Digital Sensors and Systems Design Approach

1.4 References

Chapter 2. Universal Frequency-to-Digital Converters

2.1 Background and State-of-the-Art

2.2 Universal Frequency-to-Digital Converter (UFDC-1)

2.3 Universal Frequency-to-Digital Converter (UFDC-1M-16)

2.4 Evaluation Board EVAL UFDC-1/1M-16

2.5 References

Chapter 3. Universal Sensors and Transducers Interface (USTI)

3.1 General Description

3.2 Features, Metrological Performance and Main Electrical Characteristics

3.3 Functionality

3.5 Applications

3.6 Pin Out and Housing

3.7 Experimental Investigations

3.8 USTI for Extended Temperature Range (USTI-EXT)

3.9 USTI for Wireless Sensor Networks Applications (USTI-WSN)

3.10 References

Chapter 4. Frequency-to-Digital Converter with Parallel Interface (FDCP)

4.1 General Description

4.2 Pin Out and Housing

4.3 Interfacing with Digital Signal Controller

4.4 Applications

4.5 References

Chapter 5. Optoelectronic Digital Sensors and Sensor Systems

5.1 Quasi-digital Optical Sensors State-of-the-Art

5.2 Design Approaches

5.3 Digital Color and Light Sensors Based on Series of UFDC-1 ICs

     5.3.1 Color-to-Digital Converter

     5.3.2 Light-to-Digital Converter

     5.3.3 Bus Capabilities

5.4 Digital Optoelectronic Sensors and Sensor Systems Based on USTI IC

     5.4.1 Light- and Color-to-Digital Converters

     5.4.2 Sensor System for Automatic Paper Type and Thickness Detection

     5.4.3 Non-Contact, Short Distance Measuring System

5.5 References

Chapter 6. Digital Temperature Sensors and Sensor Systems

6.1 Quasi-digital Temperature Sensors: State-of-the-Art

6.2 Digital Temperature Sensor Systems Based on Quasi-digital Sensors and FDC ICs

6.3 Digital Temperature Sensor Systems Based on RTDs and Thermocouples

6.4 Digital Temperature Sensor Systems Based on Analog Sensors and VFC

6.5 References

Chapter 7. Digital Pressure Sensors and Transducers

7.1 Quasi-digital Pressure Sensors: State-of-the-Art

7.2 Digital and Smart Pressure Sensors and Sensor Systems

     7.2.1 Interfacing with Frequency Outputs Pressure Sensors and Transducers

     7.2.2 Interfacing with Pulse Number Outputs Pressure Sensors and Transducers

     7.2.3 Digital Pressure Sensors and Transducers with Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion

     7.2.4 Digital Pressure Sensors with PWM and Duty-Cycle-to-Digital Conversion

7.3 References

Chapter 8. Digital Humidity, Dew Point and Moisture Sensors

8.1 Quasi-digital Humidity, Dew Point and Moisture Sensors: State-of-the-Art

8.2 Digital Humidity Sensing Modules Design

8.3 Experimental Results

8.4 References

Chapter 9. Digital Accelerometers, Inclinometers and Gyroscopes

9.1 Quasi-digital Accelerometers and Inclinometers: State-of-the-Art

9.2 Digital Accelerometers Design

     9.2.1 Accelerometers based on quasi-digital sensors

     9.2.2 Acceleration to Frequency and PWM Circuits

9.3 Digital Inclinometers Design

9.4 Digital Gyroscopes Design

9.5 References

Chapter 10. Digital Magnetic Sensors

10.1 Quasi-digital Magnetic Sensors: State-of-the-Art

10.2 Digital Magnetic Sensor Systems Design

10.3 References

Chapter 11. Rotational Speed Sensors

11.1 Rotational Speed Sensors: State-of-the-Art

11.2 Digital Rotational Speed Sensors Design

11.3 References

Chapter 12. Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

12.1 Quasi-Digital Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: State-of-the-Art

     12.1.1 Chemical Sensors Review

     12.1.2 Biosensors Review

12.2 Digital Sensor Systems Design Based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Other Chemical Principles

     12.2.1 QCM-based Sensor Systems

     12.2.2 Modeling and Experimental Results

     12.2.3 Other Applications

12.3 References

Chapter 13. Capacitive Sensors Interfacing

13.1 Capacitance-to-digital Converters: State-of-the-Art Review

13.2 Direct Capacitive Sensors Interfacing

13.3 References

Chapter 14. Resistive Sensors Interfacing

14.1 Resistance-to-digital Converters: Introduction and Problem Definition

14.2 Direct Resistive Sensors Interface

14.3 References

Chapter 15. Resistive-Bridge Sensors Interfacing

15.1 Resistive-Bridge-to-digital Converters: State-of-the-Art Review

15.2 Direct Resistive-Bridge Sensors Interface

15.3 Applicaton Examples

     15.3.1 Strain Gages Emulation

     15.3.2 Differential Pressure Sensor Series SX30GD2

15.4 References

Chapter 16. DAQ Systems for Quasi-Digital Sensors and Transducers

16.1 Data Acquisition Systems: State-of-the-Art

16.2 DAQ Systems Design

     16.2.1 DAQ Channels for Quasi-Digital Signals

     16.2.2 DAQ Channels for Analog Signals

16.3 Multifunctional and Multiparametric Sensors, Transducers and Sensor Systems

16.4 References

Chapter 17. Intelligent Sensor Systems

17.1 Smart vs. Intelligent: Modern Definitions and Trends

17.2 IEEE 1451 Standard Extension and Adaptation for Quasi-Digital Transducers

     17.2.1 Smart IEEE 1451 Compatible Transducers and Modern Smart Sensor Definition

     17.2.2 Family of IEEE 1451 Standards and Quasi-Digital Sensors

     17.2.3 Physical Representation of IEEE 1451.2 for Quasi-Digital Sensors

     17.2.4 TEDS for Quasi-Digital Sensors and Transducers

     17.2.5 IEEE 1451.4 Mixed-Mode Interface for Quasi-Digital Sensors and Transducers

17.3 Self-Adaptive Sensors and Sensor Systems

     17.3.1 Adaptive Algorithms and Parametric Adaptation

     17.3.2 Examples of Self-Adaptive Intelligent Sensor Systems and Its Realizations

          17.3.2.1 Self-Adaptive Antilock Braking System (ABS)

          17.3.2.2 Self-Adaptive Smart Pressure Sensor System for Gas Pipeline

          17.3.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Self-Adaptive Intelligent Sensor Systems

          17.3.2.4 Self-Adaptive Smart Sensor System for Fail-Safe Cooling with Fan Speed Control

17.4 References

Chapter 18. Other Sensors, Sensor Systems and UFDC IC Applications

18.1 Sensors from Mechanical Signal Domain

     18.1.1 Flow Sensors

     18.1.2 Level Sensors

     18.1.3 Load Cells

     18.1.4 Position and Proximity Sensors

     18.1.5 Torque Sensors

     18.1.6 Other Sensors and Transducers

18.2 Wireless Sensors

18.3 Sensor Systems based on Universal Frequency-to-Digital Converter (UFDC)

     18.3.1 Low-Cost Tide Measurement System for Water Quality Assessment

     18.3.2 Sensor System for Energy and Power Consumption in One-phase AC Line

     18.3.3 Intelligent Stepper Motor Control

     18.3.4 Remote Laboratory for Smart Sensor Systems Design

18.4 References

Chapter 19. System-on-Chip (SoC), System-in-Package (SiP) and MEMS

19.1 System-on-Chip (SoC)

19.2 MEMS-based Oscillators

19.3 System-in-Package (SiP)

19.4 References

Appendix. Sensor System’s Error Estimation: Engineering Approach

References A