Preface

Contributors

1. Overview of Chemical Lasers: Sensors and Measurement Needs
Historical Perspective

1.1 Hydrogen Fluoride/ Deuterium Fluoride Laser
1.2 Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser
1.3 CO2 Gas dynamic Laser
1.4 Sensors and Measurement Needs
 

References

2. Direct Sensors: Types and Selection

2.1 Sensor Fundamentals
2.1.1 General Classification
2.1.2 Transducer Characteristics
2.2 Temperature Sensors
2.2.1 Thermocouples
2.2.2 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
2.2.3 Thermistors
2.2.4 Integrated Circuits (ICs) Temperature Sensors
2.2.5 Infrared/Optical Pyrometers
2.3 Selection of Temperature Sensors
2.4 Pressure Sensors
2.4.1 Capacitance Sensors
2.4.2 Strain Gauge Sensors
2.4.3 Tenso-resistive Type (Piezoresistive Strain Gauge) Sensors
2.5 Selection of Pressure Sensors
2.6 Level Sensors
2.6.1 Hydrostatic (Differential) Pressure Based Liquid Level Sensor
2.6.2 RF Capacitance Liquid Level Sensors
2.6.3 Ultra Sonic and Sonic Liquid Level Sensors
2.7 Selection of Level Sensors
2.8 Flow Sensors
2.8.1 Positive Displacement Flow Meters
2.8.2 Velocity Flow Meters
2.8.3 Mass Flow Meters
2.8.4 Differential Flow Meters
2.9 Selection of Flow Sensors
2.10 Optical Sensors
2.10.1 Thermal Detectors
2.10.1.1 Thermocouples / Thermopiles
2.10.1.2 Pyroelectric Detectors
2.10.1.3 Thermistors / Bolometers
2.10.2 Photon Detectors
2.10.2.1 Silicon/Germanium Detectors
2.10.2.2 Mct Detectors
2.10.2.3 Indium Antimonide (InSb)
2.10.2.4 Ternary Compounds Detectors
2.10.2.5 Alternate Indium Antimonide Detectors
2.10.2.6 Platinum Silicide (PtSi) Detectors
2.11 Selection of Optical Sensors

References
 

3. Diagnostic Techniques

3.1 Specie Concentration Measurement
3.1.1 Optical Emission
3.1.1.1 Singlet Oxygen Yield
3.1.1.2 Water Vapor Concentration
3.1.2 Optical Absorption
3.1.2.1 Chlorine Utilization (Cl2) Concentration
3.1.2.2 Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Concentration
3.1.2.3 Iodine (I2) Concentration
3.1.3 Diode Laser based Absorption Spectroscopy
3.1.4 Raman Spectroscopy
3.1.5 Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) for Trace Detection of Gases
3.2 Cavity Medium Characterization
3.2.1 Small Signal Gain (SSG) Measurement
3.2.1.1 Probe Beam Method
3.2.1.2 Voigt Profile Method
3.2.2 Mach Number Diagnostics
3.2.2.1 Pitot Static Tube Method
3.2.2.2 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)
3.2.2.3 Voigt Profile Method
3.2.3 Medium Homogeneity
3.2.3.1 Gain Mapping
3.2.3.2 Optical Interferometer
3.2.3.3 Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) / Planar-LIF (PLIF)
3.3 Laser Output Power and Pulse Shape Measurement
3.4 Selection of Diagnostic Techniques

References

4. Signal Conditioning
 

4.1 Signal Sources
4.1.1 Grounded Signal Sources
4.1.2 Floating Signal Sources
4.1.3 Single-ended Measurement
4.1.4 Differential-ended Measurement
4.2 Analog and Digital Signals
4.2.1 Operating Voltage and Output Signal Selection
4.3 Sensor Circuits for Signal Conditioning
4.3.1 Wheatstone Bridge
4.3.2 Constant Current Sources
4.3.3 Amplifier Circuits
4.3.4 Current to Voltage Converter

References
 

5. Data Acquisition System and Safety Measures
 

5.1 DAS Requirements
5.2 Computer Based DAS: Overview
5.3 Design Methodology of PC based DAS
5.3.1 Operating Voltage
5.3.2 Interfacing Circuits
5.3.3 Signal Cables and Connectors
5.3.4 Data Acquisition Cards
5.3.4.1 Analog to Digital Converters
5.3.4.2 Digital to Analog Converters
5.3.4.3 Digital Input/Output Boards
5.3.4.4 Interfacing
5.3.5 Data Acquisition Software
5.4 Implementation of PC based DAS
5.4.1 System Hardware
5.4.2 Graphical User’s Interfaces
5.4.3 Safety Interlocks
5.4.3.1 Chlorine Safety Measures
5.4.3.2 Iodine Safety Measures
5.4.3.3 Safety for Hydrogen peroxide, BHP and Toluene
5.4.3.4 Safety for HF/DF Laser
5.4.3.5 Safety for High Pressure in CO2 GDL
5.4.3.6 Safety in Laser Operation
5.5 Performance Testing of Chemical Gas Lasers
5.5.1 Direct Parameter Analysis
5.5.2 Derived Parameter Analysis
5.5.2.1 Iodine Flow Rates
5.5.2.2 Mach Number

References
 

6. Analysis of Uncertainty in Measurement
 

6.1 Uncertainty Methodology
6.1.1 Define Measurement Process
6.1.2 Sources of Error
6.1.3 Model Generation
6.2 Uncertainty Estimates
6.2.1 Direct Parameter Measurement
6.2.2 Derived (Multivariate) Parameter Measurement
6.2.2.1 Mach Number
6.2.2.2 Small Signal Gain
6.2.2.3 Molar Gas Flow Rate
6.2.2.4 Specie Concentration
 

References
 

Index