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Book Description
Instrumentation is vital for the design and implementation of measuring,
monitoring and actuation systems and in data acquisition and processing,
playing nowadays a fundamental role in many technological areas, as well
as in those of certification, control and information.
The
increasing demand of experimental accuracy in all scientific areas makes
instrumentation for measurement a crucial component, particularly in
higher education curricula with a strong technological element, being
also essential at research and development level.
The
Handbook of Laboratory Measurements and Instrumentation
presents experimental and laboratory activities with an approach as
close as possible to reality, even offering remote access to
experiments, providing to the reader an excellent tool for learning
laboratory techniques and methodologies. Book includes dozens videos,
animations and simulations following each of chapters. It makes the
title very valued and different from existing books on measurements and
instrumentation.
This
unique methodological book comprises 13 Chapters. Each one presents a
clearly defined learning objective, the essential concepts and a
step-by-step guide for performing the experimental activity, various
complementary multimedia contents and a final synthesis. The set of open
questions that closes each module is intended to provide formative
assessment.
Book is intended:
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to
stimulate hands-on activity
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to
contribute to the uniform use of concepts and definitions based on
the International Vocabulary of Metrology
-
to
introduce the user to the manipulation of equipment and devices for
experimental tasks and to methods and procedures for measuring
physical quantities of general relevance
-
to
promote the critical appraisal of measurement results
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to
explore the working principles and characteristics of the sensors
and transducers more commonly used in laboratory and industrial
applications
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to
clarify important features of signal conditioning and transmission
and data acquisition and processing
-
to
introduce the concept of virtual instrumentation together with web
monitoring and actuation by providing access to remote experiments
The
Handbook of Laboratory Measurements and Instrumentation
significantly contributes to the dissemination of experimental activity
in engineering education and to facilitate the conception, tuning and
exploration of experimental systems for laboratory training. The full
technical description of the equipment is provided to make the setups
easily reproducible. Engineers, technicians and students who are working
in measuring laboratories will find plenty of practical information here
for solving daily problems.
Contents:
Preface
Foreword
1. Use of Generic Laboratory Equipment
1.1 Experimental Procedure
1.1.1 Use of multimeters
1.1.1.1 Resistance measurement
1.1.1.2 Current measurement
1.1.1.3 Voltage measurement
1.1.2. Use of oscilloscopes, function generators and frequency meters
1.1.3. Simulation of a stabilized power supply
1.2 Synthesis
1.3 Acquired Knowledge
Appendix 1
Resistance Measurement Using the 2- and 4-wire Methods
2-wire method
4-wire method
Appendix 2
Frequency Measurement
Frequency measurement mode
Period measurement mode
Appendix 3
Stabilized Power Supply
Working modes
2. Dimensional Measurement
2.1 Introduction
Calliper
External micrometer
Internal micrometer
Dial indicator
Bevel protractor
Threading or pitch gauge
2.2 Experimental Procedure
2.2.1 Dimensional measurement
2.2.1.1 Measurement of external and internal dimensions and depths
2.2.1.2 Angular measurement
2.2.1.3 Threading measurement
2.2.2 Dimensional verification
2.3 Synthesis
2.4 Acquired Knowledge
3. Data Acquisition
3.1 Introduction
Data acquisition and control technologies
Virtual instrumentation
A/D and D/A converter cards
Some specifications of A/D converter cards
Some specifications of D/A converter cards
3.2 Experimental Procedure
3.2.1. Acquisition of DC signals
3.2.1.1 Acquisition of a 0V DC signal
3.2.1.2 Acquisition of the DC signal from a battery
3.2.2 Acquisition of AC signals
3.2.3 Development of a virtual instrument
3.3 Synthesis
3.4 Acquired Knowledge
Appendix
Glossary Terms
4. Bridge Circuits
4.1 Introduction
Configuration of a measurement bridge circuit
Operating modes of a bridge circuit
Advantages of the bridge circuit
4.2 Experimental Procedure
4.2.1 Static measurement of impedance
4.2.1.1 Static measurement of resistance
4.2.1.2 Static measurement of inductance
4.2.1.3 Static measurement of capacitance
4.2.2 Static measurement of resistance Wheatstone bridge
4.2.3 Transfer function of a Wheatstone bridge
4.2.3.1 Balance of a Wheatstone bridge
4.2.3.2 Bridge voltage for large resistance variations
4.2.3.3 Bridge voltage for small resistance variations
4.2.3.4 Discussion of results
4.3 Synthesis
4.4 Acquired Knowledge
Appendix
Analysis of the Linearity of a Bridge Circuit
5. Mounting Strain Gauges
5.1 Introduction
Principle of operation
Some characteristics of the resistance strain gauge
Effect of temperature: self-temperature-compensated strain gauges
5.2 Experimental Procedure
5.2.1 Mounting of a strain gauge
5.2.1.1 Preparing the mounting surface
5.2.1.2 Bonding the strain gauge
5.2.1.3 Bonding the solder terminals
5.2.1.4 Preparation and soldering of the lead wires
5.2.2 Checking the electrical connections
5.3 Synthesis
5.4 Acquired Knowledge
Appendix
An Example of Strain Gauge Selection
6. Use of Strain Gauges
6.1 Introduction
Measuring circuit
3-wire method: lead wire effects
Temperature effect compensation
Other considerations
6.2 Experimental Procedure: Use of a Strain Gauge in the Measurement of
Deformation
6.2.1 Experimental circuit
6.2.2 Experimental results
6.2.3 Determination of strain, mechanical stress and other parameters
associated with the measurement system
6.3 Synthesis
6.4 Acquired Knowledge
7. Measurement of Force and Strain
7.1 Introduction
Column type load cell
Beam type load cell
Ring type load cell
Spoked wheel type load cell
7.2 Experimental Procedure
7.2.1 Determination of mechanical characteristics of a material
7.2.1.1 Beam instrumented with four strain gauges integrated in a
commercial bridge circuit (beam 1 and beam 2)
7.2.1.2 Beam instrumented with four strain gauges integrated in a lab
bridge circuit (beam 3)
7.2.1.3 Beam instrumented with two strain gauges integrated in a lab
bridge circuit (beam 4)
7.2.2 Assembly of an electronic weighing scale
7.3 Synthesis
7.4 Acquired Knowledge
8. Measurement of Temperature: Resistance Thermometers
8.1 Introduction
Temperature: concept and units
Resistance thermometers
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)
Errors associated to measurements with RTDs. Connection types of
these sensor elements
Standards and tolerances
Temperature transmitters for RTDs
Summary of the most relevant characteristics of RTDs
8.2 Experimental Procedure
8.2.1 Determination of the characteristic of an RTD
8.2.1.1 Experimental results
8.2.1.2 Identification of characteristic parameters and analysis of
results
8.2.2 Use of a temperature transmitter for RTD
8.3 Synthesis
8.4 Acquired Knowledge
Appendix
Pt100 calibration table (from 90 0C to 549 0C)
9. Measurement of Temperature: Thermocouples
9.1 Introduction
Thermocouple: operating principle
Types of thermocouples
Sensitivity of a thermocouple: Seebeck coefficient
Thermoelectric laws
Reference junction
Compensation cables
Synthesis of the most relevant characteristics of thermocouples
9.2 Experimental Procedure
9.2.1 Thermocouple assembly
9.2.2 Cold junction compensation
9.2.3 Analysis of a K-type thermocouple characteristic
9.3 Synthesis
9.4 Acquired Knowledge
Appendix
K-type Thermocouple Calibration Table (from 90 0C
to 260 0C)
10.Measurement of Displacement
10.1 Introduction
Potentiometric transducer
LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
Eddy current transducer
Digital encoder
10.2 Experimental Procedure
10.2.1 Displacement transducers: Setup 1
10.2.1.1 Experimental characterization of an LVDT + signal
conditioning
10.2.1.2 Analysis of results
10.2.2 Displacement transducers: Setup 2
10.2.2.1 Experimental characterization of a potentiometric transducer
10.2.2.2 Analysis of results
10.2.2.3 Experimental characterization of an eddy current transducer
10.2.3 Displacement transducers: Setup 3
10.2.3.1 Experimental characterization of a potentiometric transducer
10.2.3.2 Analysis of results
10.2.4 Displacement transducers: Setup 4
10.2.4.1 Experimental characterization of a potentiometric transducer
10.2.4.2 Analysis of results
10.3 Synthesis
10.4 Acquired Knowledge
11. Detection of Proximity
11.1 Introduction
Eddy current detector
Capacitive detector
Hall-effect detector
Reed switch detectors
Optical detectors
11.2 Experimental Procedure
11.2.1 Proximity detectors: Setup 1
11.2.1.1 Experimental characterization of capacitive and inductive
detectors
11.2.1.2 Analysis of results
11.2.2. Proximity detectors: Setup 2
11.2.2.1 Experimental characterization of fibre optic and inductive
detectors
11.2.2.2 Analysis of results
11.2.3 Proximity detectors: Setup 3
11.2.3.1 Experimental characterization of fibre optic, inductive and
photoelectric detectors
11.2.3.2 Analysis of results
11.2.4 Proximity detectors: Setup 4
11.2.4.1 Experimental characterization of capacitive, inductive and reed
switch detectors
11.2.4.2 Analysis of results
11.3 Synthesis
11.4 Acquired Knowledge
12. Measurement of Angular Velocity
12.1 Introduction
Electromagnetic tachometers
Permanent magnet DC tachometer
Digital tachometers
Digital tachometer based on a barrier- type optical detector
Digital tachometer based on a reflective-type optical detector
12.2 Experimental Procedure
12.2.1 Use of digital tachometers
12.2.1.1 Digital tachometer based on barrier-type optical detectors
12.2.1.2 Digital tachometer based on reflective-type optical detectors
12.2.2 Determination of the characteristic of a permanent magnet DC
tachometer
12.3 Synthesis
12.4 Acquired Knowledge
13. Web Monitoring and Control
13.1 Introduction
A calibration procedure of a temperature measurement system with a
Pt100
System for straightness evaluation of a line in a given direction
on a surface
Mechanical material characterization
13.2 Experimental Procedures
13.2.1 Temperature calibration procedure of a Pt100 transmitter system
13.2.2 Straightness evaluation
13.2.3 Mechanical material characterization
13.3 Synthesis
13.4 Acquired Knowledge
Bibliography
Index
List of Media Files:
Chapter 1
c01_s1 RTD resistance measurement using 2- and 4-wire methods
simulator
c01_v1 Video: Frequency response
c01_s2 Stabilized power supply simulator
Chapter 2
c02_v1 Video: Using a digital caliper
c02_v2 Video: Using an analog caliper
c02_v3 Video: External micrometer, dimensional measurement
c02_v4 Video: Protractor, angular measurement
c02_v5 Video: Pitch gauge, threading measurement
Chapter 4
c04_v1 Video: Bridge circuit, static measurement of resistance
c04_a1 Animation: Resistance change due to sliding contact
angular displacement
c04_a2 Animation: Inductance change due to magnetic core
displacement
c04_a3 Animation: Capacitance change due to variation of the
parallel plates overlap
c04_a4 Animation: Capacitance change due to variation of the
parallel plates distance
c04_s1 Transfer function of a Wheatstone bridge simulator
Chapter 5
c05_a1 Animation: Strain gauge selection
c05_a2 Animation: Resistance strain gauge characteristics
c05_v1 Video: Mounting of a strain gauge preparing the
mounting surface
c05_v2 Video: Mounting of a strain gauge bonding the strain
gauge
c05_v3 Video: Mounting of a strain gauge bonding the solder
terminals
c05_v4 Video: Mounting of a strain gauge preparation and
soldering of the lead wires
Chapter 7
c07_a1 Animation: Cantilever beam submitted to bending
Chapter 8
c08_s1 Pt100 temperature transmitter system simulator
Chapter 9
c09_v1 Video: Thermocouple assembly
c09_v2 Video: Sensitivity of thermocouples
c09_v3 Video: Cold junction compensation
c09_s1 Temperature measurement with a K-type thermocouple
Chapter 10
c010_a1 Animation: LVDT working principle
c010_a2 Animation: LVDT nominal / measurement ranges
c010_a3 Animation: Eddy current displacement transducer
c010_a4 Animation: Potentiometric displacement transducer
Chapter 11
c011_s1 Characteristic of a detector simulator
Chapter 12
c012_s1 Digital tachometer simulator
Chapter 13
c013_a1 Animation: System for straightness evaluation
c013_v1 Video: Straightness evaluation
c013_a2 Animation: System for mechanical material
characterization
c013_v2 Video: Cantilever beam submitted to bending
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Handbook of Laboratory Measurements and
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