Nanosensors: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

 Title: Nanosensors: Physical, Chemical, and Biological

 Author: Vinod Kumar Khanna

 Publisher: Taylor & Francis

 Hardcover: 665 pages

 Pubdate: 26 October 2011

 ISBN: 1439827125

Book Description

Bringing together widely scattered information, Nanosensors: Physical, Chemical, and Biological explores sensor development in the nanotechnology age. This easy-to-read book presents a critical appraisal of the new opportunities in the area of sensors provided by nanotechnologies and nanotechnology-enabled advancements.

After introducing nanosensor classification and fundamental terms, the book outlines the properties of important nanomaterials and nanotechnologies used in nanosensor fabrication. Subsequent chapters are organized according to nanosensor type: physical (mechanical and acoustical, thermal and radiation, optical, and magnetic); chemical (atomic and molecular energies); and biological. The final chapter summarizes the current state of the field and discusses future trends.

A complete and authoritative guide to nanosensors, this book offers up-to-date information on the fabrication, properties, and operating mechanisms of these fast and reliable sensors. It addresses progress in the field, fundamental issues and challenges facing researchers, and prospects for future development.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Nanosensors

Getting Started with Nanosensors

Natural Sciences

Physics

Chemistry

Biology

Semiconductor Electronics

Nanometer and Appreciation of Its Magnitude

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Nanomaterials and the Unusual Behavior at Nanoscales

Moving toward Sensors and Transducers: Meaning of Terms "Sensors" and "Transducers"

Definition of Sensor Parameters and Characteristics

Evolution of Semiconductor-Based Microsensors

From Macrosensor to Microsensor Age and Necessity of Nanoscale Measurements

Definition and Classification of Nanosensors

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Nanosensors

Some Examples of Nanosensors

Getting Familiar with Analytical and Characterization Tools: Microscopic Techniques to View Nanomaterials and Nanosensors

Spectroscopic Techniques for Analyzing Chemical Composition of Nanomaterials and Nanosensors

The Displacement Nanosensor: STM

The Force Nanosensor: AFM

Outline and Organization of the Book

Discussion and Conclusions

Materials for Nanosensors

Introduction

Nanoparticles or Nanoscale Particles, and Importance of the Intermediate Regime between Atoms and Molecules, and Bulk Matter

Classification of Nanoparticles on the Basis of Their Composition and Occurrence

Core/Shell-Structured Nanoparticles

Shape Dependence of Properties at Nanoscale

Dependence of Properties of Nanoparticles on Particle Size

Surface Energy of a Solid

Metallic Nanoparticles and Plasmons

Optical Properties of Bulk Metals and Metallic Nanoparticles

Parameters Controlling the Position of Surface Plasmon Band of Nanoparticles

Quantum Confinement

Quantum Dots

Carbon Nanotubes

Inorganic Nanowires

Nanoporous Materials

Discussion and Conclusions

Nanosensor Laboratory

Introduction

Nanotechnology Division

Micro- and Nanoelectronics Division

MEMS and NEMS Division

Biochemistry Division

Chemistry Division

Nanosensor Characterization Division

Nanosensor Powering, Signal Processing, and Communication Division

Discussion and Conclusions

Mechanical Nanosensors

Introduction

Nanogram Mass Sensing by Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Attogram (10−18 g) and Zeptogram (10−21 g) Mass Sensing by MEMS/NEMS Resonators

Electron Tunneling Displacement Nanosensor

Coulomb Blockade Electrometer-Based Displacement Nanosensor

Nanometer-Scale Displacement Sensing by Single-Electron Transistor

Magnetomotive Displacement Nanosensor

Piezoresistive and Piezoelectric Displacement Nanosensors

Optical Displacement Nanosensor

Femtonewton Force Sensors Using Doubly Clamped Suspended Carbon Nanotube Resonators

Suspended CNT Electromechanical Sensors for Displacement and Force

Membrane-Based CNT Electromechanical Pressure Sensor

Tunnel Effect Accelerometer

NEMS Accelerometer

Silicon Nanowire Accelerometer

CNT Flow Sensor for Ionic Solutions

Discussion and Conclusions

Thermal Nanosensors

Introduction

Nanoscale Thermocouple Formed by Tungsten and Platinum Nanosize Strips

Resistive Thermal Nanosensor Fabricated by Focused Ion Beam Chemical Vapor Deposition

"Carbon-Nanowire-on-Diamond" Resistive Temperature Nanosensor

Carbon Nanotube Grown on Nickel Film as Resistive Low-Temperature (10–300 K) Nanosensor

Laterally Grown CNT between Two Microelectrodes as Resistive Temperature Nanosensor

Silicon Nanowire Temperature Nanosensors: Resistors and Diode Structures

Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Temperature Sensing

Er3+/Yb3+ Co-Doped Gd2O3 Nano-Phosphor as Temperature Nanosensor Using Fluorescence Intensity Ratio Technique

Optical Heating of Yb3+–Er3+ Co-Doped Fluoride Nanoparticles and Distant Temperature Sensing through Luminescence

Porphyrin-Containing Copolymer as Thermochromic Nanosensor

Silicon-Micromachined Scanning Thermal Profiler

Superconducting Hot Electron Nanobolometers

Thermal Convective Accelerometer Using CNT Sensing Element

SWCNT Sensor for Airflow Measurement

Vacuum Pressure and Flow Velocity Sensors Using Batch-Processed CNT Wall

Nanogap Pirani Gauge

Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Nanocomposite as Conductivity Response Infrared Nanosensor

Nanocalorimetry

Discussion and Conclusions

Optical Nanosensors

Introduction

Noble-Metal Nanoparticles with LSPR and UV–Visible Spectroscopy

Nanosensors Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Colloidal SPR Colorimetric Gold Nanoparticle Spectrophotometric Sensor

Fiber-Optic Nanosensors

Nanograting-Based Optical Accelerometer

Fluorescent pH-Sensitive Nanosensors

Disadvantages of Optical Fiber and Fluorescent Nanosensors for Living Cell Studies

PEBBLE Nanosensors to Measure the Intracellular Environment

Quantum Dots as Fluorescent Labels

Quantum Dot FRET-Based Probes

Electrochemiluminescent Nanosensors for Remote Detection

Crossed Zinc Oxide Nanorods as Resistive UV Nanosensors

Discussion and Conclusions

Magnetic Nanosensors

Introduction

Magnetoresistance Sensors

Tunneling Magnetoresistance

Limitations, Advantages, and Applications of GMR and TMR Sensors

Magnetic Nanoparticle Probes for Studying Molecular Interactions

Protease-Specific Nanosensors for MRI

Magnetic Relaxation Switch Immunosensors

Magneto Nanosensor Microarray Biochip

Needle-Type SV-GMR Sensor for Biomedical Applications

Superconductive Magnetic Nanosensor

Electron Tunneling-Based Magnetic Field Sensor

Nanowire Magnetic Compass and Position Sensor

Discussion and Conclusions

Nanobiosensors

Introduction

Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

CNT-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

Functionalization of CNTs for Biosensor Fabrication

Quantum Dot-Based Electrochemical Biosensors

Nanotube- and Nanowire-Based FET Nanobiosensors

Cantilever-Based Nanobiosensors

Optical Nanobiosensors

Biochips (or Microarrays)

Discussion and Conclusions

Chemical Nanosensors

Introduction

Gas Sensors Based on Nanomaterials

Metallic Nanoparticle-Based Gas Sensors

Metal Oxide Gas Sensors

Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors

Porous Silicon-Based Gas Sensor

Thin Organic Polymer Film–Based Gas Sensors

Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers as Humidity Sensors

Toward Large Nanosensor Arrays and Nanoelectronic Nose

CNT-, Nanowire-, and Nanobelt-Based Chemical Nanosensors

Optochemical Nanosensors

Discussion and Conclusions

Future Trends of Nanosensors

Introduction

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Atomic Force Microscope

Mechanical Nanosensors

Thermal Nanosensors

Optical Nanosensors

Magnetic Nanosensors

Nanobiosensors

Chemical Nanosensors

Nanosensor Fabrication Aspects

In Vivo Nanosensor Problems

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Biosensors

Interfacing Issues for Nanosensors: Power Consumption and Sample Delivery Problems

Depletion-Mediated Piezoelectric Actuation for NEMS

Discussion and Conclusions

Index

About the Author

Vinod Kumar Khanna is chief scientist and head of the MEMS and Microsensors Group at CSIR-CEERI, where he has worked for over 30 years on the design, fabrication, and characterization of various solid-state devices. A fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (India), Dr. Khanna is also a life member of the Indian Physics Association, the Semiconductor Society (India), and the Indo-French Technical Association. His research interests include power semiconductor devices, MEMS, and microsensors.