PART 1. MATERIALS AND DESIGN OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS

Piezoelectricity and basic configurations for piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers
S. Cochran, University of Dundee, UK
- Introduction
- The piezoelectric effect
- Piezoelectric materials
- The single-element transducer
- Other piezoelectric transducer configurations
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs)
G. Hübschen, Fraunhofer Institut Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren, Germany
- Introduction
- Lorentz force type transducers: normal probes
- Lorentz force type transducers: angle beam probes
- Magnetostriction type transducers
- Conclusion
- References

Piezoelectric ceramics for ultrasonic transducers
K. Uchino, The Pennsylvania State University, USA and Office of Naval Research – Global, Japan
- History of piezoelectrics: dawn period
- History of piezoelectrics: after World War II
- Recent development in piezoelectrics
- New trends in piezoelectrics
- Piezoelectric figures of merit
- Piezoelectric resonance
- Overview of current piezoelectric materials
- Thin-films used in bulk acoustic and surface acoustic wave devices
- Surface acoustic wave (SAW) materials
- Future trends in piezoelectric transducer designs
- References

Thin film ultrasonic transducers based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
M. K. Kurosawa, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
- Introduction
- Hydrothermal process to deposit lead zirconate titanate (PZT) material
- Bending and longitudinal vibration by d
- High intensity vibrator for micro ultrasonic scalpel
- Thickness vibration by d
- Epitaxial film
- Conclusions
- References

Piezoelectric single crystals in ultrasonic transducers
Y. Yamashita, Toshiba Research Consulting Corporation, Japan and Y Hosono, Toshiba Corporation, Japan
- Introduction
- PIMNT ceramics
- PIMNT single crystals grown by the flux method
- PIMNT single crystals grown by the Bridgman method
- Recent progress of PIMNT single crystals and their application
- Future trends and conclusions
- References
 

PART 2. MODELLING AND CHARACTERISATION OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS

Modelling ultrasonic transducer performance: one-dimensional models
S. Cochran and C. E. M. Démoré, University of Dundee, UK and C R P Courtney, University of Bristol, UK
- Introduction
- Transducer performance expressed through the wave equation
- Equivalent electrical circuit models
- The linear systems model
- Examples of D transducer model results
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References

Modelling the performance of micro-acoustic devices using the boundary element method
A. Baghai-Wadji, RMIT University, Australia
- Introduction
- Acoustic wave equation: shear horizontal vibrations
- Construction of infinite domain Green’s functions: field analysis using 2D Fourier transform
- Field analysis using 1D Fourier transform
- Construction of the Green’s function
- Near-field asymptotic expansion of G22(x-X',z-z' w)
- Construction of the near-field expansion of (k--) based on the G22(x-X',z-z' w) asymptotic expansions of eigenpairs
- On the determination of the asymptotic expansion terms for (n-0)
- The proposed method for the calculation of eigenpairs
- Future trends
- Sources of further information
- Acknowledgments
- References

Electrical evaluation of piezoelectric transducers
K. Nakamura, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
- Introduction
- Electrical equivalent circuit
- Electrical measurements
- Characterization of piezoelectric transducers under high power operation
- Load test
- Conclusions
- References

Laser Doppler vibrometry for measuring vibration of ultrasonic transducers
M. Johansmann and G. Wirth, Polytec GmbH, Germany
- Introduction
- Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) for non-contact vibration measurements
- The principle of scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV)
- Characterization of ultrasonic transducers and optimisation of ultrasonic tools
- Verification and optimization of ultrasonic tools in industrial production
- Visualization of the transducer sound pressure field by means of scanning
- laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV)
- Enhanced laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) designs for special measurement requirements
- Conclusions
- References

Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducers
K. Yamamoto, Kansai University, Japan
- Introduction
- Schlieren visualization technique
- Fresnel visualization method
- Photoelastic visualization method
- References

PART 3. APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices
K. Hashimoto, Chiba University, Japan
- Introduction
- Interdigital transducers (IDTs)
- Unidirectional transducers
- Coupling-of-modes theory
- Transversal surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter
- Single-phase unidirectional transducer (SPUDT) filters
- Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators
- Conclusions
- References

Air-borne ultrasound transducers
D. A. Hutchins, University of Warwick, UK and A Neild, Monash University, Australia
- Introduction
- Basic design principles of air-borne ultrasound transducers
- Transducer designs for use in air
- Radiated fields in air
- Applications of air-borne ultrasound transducers
- Future trends
- Sources of further information and advice
- Acknowledgements
- References

Ultrasonic transducers for non-destructive evaluation at high temperatures
M. Kobayashi and C.-K. Jen, Industrial Materials Institute, Canada
- Introduction
- Sol-gel composite material for ultrasonic transducers
- Ultrasonic transducers made with sol-gel composite materials
- Structural health monitoring demonstration
- Process monitoring demonstration
- Conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References

Analysis and synthesis of frequency-diverse ultrasonic flaw detection systems using Order Statistics and Neural Network Processors
J. Saniie and E. Oruklu, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA
- Introduction
- Ultrasonic flaw detection techniques
- Neural network detection processor
- Flaw detection performance evaluation
- System-on-chip implementation – a case study
- Future trends and conclusions
- Sources of further information
- References

Power ultrasonics: new technologies and applications for fluid processing
J. A. Gallego-Juárez, Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Spain
- Introduction
- Characteristics of the new family of power transducers with extensive radiators
- Application of the new power ultrasonic technologies in processing
- Power ultrasound in environmental processes
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References

Nonlinear acoustics and selected applications in biomedical ultrasonics
P. A. Lewin, Drexel University, USA and A. Nowicki, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
- Introduction
- Measurements of and advances in determination of B/A parameter
- Advances in tissue harmonic imaging
- Nonlinear acoustics in ultrasound metrology
- Nonlinear wave propagation in hydrophone probes' calibration
- Nonlinear acoustics in therapeutic applications
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- References

Therapeutic ultrasound with an emphasis on applications to the brain
P. D. Mourad, University of Washington, USA
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of propagation and absorption of ultrasound
- Physical and chemical processes engendered by medical ultrasound
- Diagnostic ultrasound
- Therapeutic ultrasound
- Conclusion
- References

Micro scale ultrasonic sensors and actuators
A. Ramkumar and A. Lal, Cornell University, USA
- Introduction: ultrasonic horn actuators
- Advantages of silicon-based technology
- Silicon ultrasonic horns
- Sensor integration and fabrication of silicon horns: planar metal electrode array
- Planar electrode characterization
- Piezoresistive strain gauges
- Applications: tissue penetration force reduction
- Applications: cardiac electrophysiological measurement
- Applications: microscale tissue metrology in testicular sperm extraction (TESE) surgery
- Conclusions
- References

Piezoelectric and fiber optic hydrophones
A. Hurrell, Precision Acoustics Ltd, UK and P Beard, University College London, UK
- Introduction
- General hydrophone considerations
- Piezoelectric hydrophones
- Fibre optic hydrophones
- Eisenmenger fibre optic hydrophone
- Fabry Perot polymer film fibre optic hydrophone
- Multilayer dielectric fibre optic hydrophone
- Other types of fibre optic hydrophone
- The role of fibre optic hydrophones in ultrasound metrology
- Conclusions
- References

Ultrasonic motors
K. Nakamura, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
- Introduction
- Standing wave ultrasonic motors
- Travelling wave ultrasonic motors
- Performance of ultrasonic motors
- Future trends and conclusions
- References